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What are the Effects of Caffeine?
If you are suddenly feeling jittery after you have taken lot of coffee or tea, there's a correct reason for that. Caffeine can cause a number of physical side effects, including:
* increasing heart rate
* increasing blood pressure
* increasing sweat production
Caffeine also acts as a diuretic. This means that it causes you to lose fluid from your body, which can leave you dehydrated and fatigued. If your body absorbs too much caffeine, it is possible to go into "caffeine overdose," which causes symptoms of nausea and light headache, as well as respiratory problems.
Effects of Caffeine on Your Baby
Caffeine is thought to pose certain risks during pregnancy. Though researchers debate how much caffeine is acceptable during pregnancy, there is evidence to suggest than any amount will cause some physical effects on your little one. This is because caffeine passes through your placenta and is absorbed by your baby. Adults are able to break down caffeine fairly quickly, thanks to chemicals inside of our body. However, your developing baby can't do this as efficiently. This means that caffeine will be stored inside of his blood for longer periods of time, and could reach dangerously high levels.
Caffeine also affects other aspects of your baby's health. It is known to increase your baby's heart rate and may affect how much he moves in uterus. Because caffeine is a diuretic, it can also affect the nutrition your baby receives from you. Caffeine intake may cause you to absorb less iron and calcium from foods, a possible detriment to your baby's overall fetal development.
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What precautions can I take to help protect myself and my family?
Good hygiene can help to reduce the spread of a wide range of viruses, including influenza viruses. The Health Protection Agency advises everyone to follow these precautions at all times:
* Frequently wash your hands with soap and water.
* When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue if possible.
* Dispose of used tissues promptly and carefully. Put them in a bag and then bin them.
* Clean hard surfaces (e.g. door handles) frequently.
* Ensure children follow this advice.
If you intend to travel to an affected country, you should check the advice provided by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The Health Protection Agency website provides comprehensive advice for people returning to the India from a country affected by influenza A (H1N1). If the disease begins to affect more people in the India, more information will be made available through leaflets, websites and the media. This will tell you how you can help protect yourself and your family and what to do if you think you are infected.
How can washing my hands help to protect me?
Washing your hands frequently can help to protect you from a wide range of infections.
Washing your hands frequently is the best way to protect yourself from a wide range of illnesses, including influenza. Everytime you touch something, germs can transfer to your hands. Touching your eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands could transfer the germs from your hands into your body. Washing your hands frequently, helps to remove the germs and stop them spreading to you and other people.
How can I remove flu viruses from surfaces?
An infected person could spread germs to surfaces around them when they cough or sneeze, or touch them with unwashed hands or used tissues. Cleaning surfaces regularly can help to stop influenza viruses and other germs spreading around your home, to you and other people.
Cleaning surfaces with detergent and water can remove germs from an item provided you scrub all the surfaces and rinse them thoroughly with clean water. However, where proper rinsing is not possible (e.g. large or fixed surfaces such as kitchen worktops, toilet flushes and door handles) it is important to use a disinfectant to help kill the germs. It is particularly important to clean and disinfect surfaces that people often touch with their hands, such as;
* handles and switches
* taps and toilet flush handles
* kitchen worktops
* telephone receivers
* computer keyboards.
Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces using products that destroy influenza viruses will give extra reassurance.
Is it safe to eat pork and other foods derived from pigs?
You cannot get influenza by eating properly handled and prepared pork or other foods derived from pigs (e.g. bacon, sausages). However, good food hygiene helps to prevent a wide range of infections, so it is important that all food is always prepared hygienically.
* Never eat raw or poorly cooked meat.
* Keep raw meat away from cooked and ready-to-eat foods.
* Use a separate chopping board and knife to prepare raw meat.
* Wash your hands immediately after handling raw meat.
* Clean and disinfect surfaces and utensils immediately after contact with raw meat.
If someone develops flu symptoms, what should they do?
If you live in or have recently travelled to an area affected by by influenza A (H1N1), and are experiencing flu-like symptoms, you should stay at home to limit contact with others, and seek medical advice by telephoning your GP, NHS Direct or (in Scotland) NHS 24. You can contact NHS Direct by telephoning 0845 4647. In Scotland, you can contact NHS 24 by telephoning 08454 24 24 24.
If the risk of catching influenza A (H1N1) increases in the India, the Health Protection Agency will issue further advice.
Is this the start of a human flu pandemic?
Although this influenza A (H1N1) virus can spread from person to person, and is causing outbreaks of flu in some countries, it is too early to say whether this particular virus will cause a global human pandemic. The World Health Organisation is closely monitoring the situation.
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What is swine influenza and influenza A (H1N1)?
Swine influenza is a contagious respiratory disease that normally only affects pigs. It is commonly caused by H1N1 strains of swine influenza A virus. However, other strains, such as H1N2, H3N1 and H3N2 also circulate in pigs. While it is not usual for people to get swine flu, human infections do occasionally happen, mainly after close contact with infected pigs.
During March/April 2009, a new strain of swine influenza virus emerged in Mexico, and started to cause illness in humans. The World Health Organisation says that this new strain of influenza, called influenza A (H1N1), can spread from person to person. Experts around the world are working closely with the World Health Organisation to help determine what risk this virus poses to the public. There is some concern that this new strain could cause a human flu pandemic
How does swine flu spread amongst pigs?
Pigs can get swine flu if they inhale respiratory droplets expelled by an infected pig. They can also get infected through direct or indirect contact with an infected pig.
What symptoms do infected pigs show?
Signs of swine influenza in pigs can include dullness, fever, coughing and breathlessness. Some infected pigs (about 1 to 4 %) may die, but most pigs recover rapidly.
Which countries have infected pigs?
Swine influenza is present in all pig-producing countries around the world, including the India. Outbreaks in pigs occur throughout the year. However, many countries routinely vaccinate pigs against swine influenza.
Should I take any special precautions when handling pigs?
Although there is no indication that the current human infections are linked to cases of swine influenza in pigs in the India, the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) advises pig keepers to maintain high levels of hygiene. Pig keepers should look out for unusual signs of respiratory disease in their pigs and contact their veterinary surgeon if they are concerned or require any advice on protecting their pigs from swine flu.
Which countries have human cases of influenza A (H1N1)?
During March/April 2009, Mexico reported an increase in the number of people with severe respiratory infections. Human infections with influenza A (H1N1) were then confirmed in Southern California and Texas. Since then, the World Health Organisation has confirmed human cases of influenza A (H1N1) in several countries around the world, including the India.
What are the symptoms of influenza A (H1N1) in humans?
When people are infected with swine flu viruses, their symptoms are usually similar to those of normal seasonal influenza. These include fever, tiredness, lack of appetite, coughing and a sore throat. Some people may also have vomiting and diarrhoea. In Mexico, some people infected with influenza A (H1N1) have had severe illness and died. However, in almost all cases outside Mexico, including the India, the symptoms of influenza A (H1N1) have been mild, and people have made a full recovery.
How does influenza A (H1N1) spread between people?
This new influenza virus is thought to spread in the same way as seasonal flu; in tiny droplets, expelled from the mouth and nose of an infected person when they talk, cough or sneeze. People may get infected if they breathe in these droplets or if they touch someone or something that is contaminated with the virus (e.g. a used tissue or door handle), and then touch their nose or eyes.
Is there a vaccine to protect people from influenza A (H1N1)?
There is no vaccine available to protect people from the influenza A (H1N1) virus currently causing illness in humans, and we don't yet know if the normal seasonal flu vaccine can provide any protection. It could take four to six months to develop an effective vaccine.
Is treatment available?
Antiviral medicines, such as oseltamivir or zanamivir, are available from your GP. These may shorten the illness and reduce the risk of complications. These drugs may cause side-effects and are not suitable for everyone, so your GP will only prescribe them if the benefits outweigh the risks.
What precautions can I take to help protect myself and my family from Swine fever?
Good hygiene can help to reduce the spread of a wide range of viruses, including influenza viruses. The Health Protection Agency advises everyone to follow these precautions at all times:
* Frequently wash your hands with soap and water.
* When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue if possible.
* Dispose of used tissues promptly and carefully. Put them in a bag and then bin them.
* Clean hard surfaces (e.g. door handles) frequently.
* Ensure children follow this advice.
If you intend to travel to an affected country, you should check the advice provided by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The Health Protection Agency website provides comprehensive advice for people returning to the India from a country affected by influenza A (H1N1). If the disease begins to affect more people in the India, more information will be made available through leaflets, websites and the media. This will tell you how you can help protect yourself and your family and what to do if you think you are infected.
Swine fever
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Mesothelioma Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of mesothelioma may not appear until 20 to 50 years after exposure to asbestos. Shortness of breath, cough, and pain in the chest due to an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space are often symptoms of pleural mesothelioma.
Symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma include weight loss and cachexia, abdominal swelling and pain due to ascites (a buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity). Other symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma may include bowel obstruction, blood clotting abnormalities, anemia, and fever. If the cancer has spread beyond the mesothelium to other parts of the body, symptoms may include pain, trouble swallowing, or swelling of the neck or face.
These symptoms may be caused by mesothelioma or by other, less serious conditions.
Mesothelioma that affects the pleura can cause these signs and symptoms:
* chest wall pain
* pleural effusion, or fluid surrounding the lung
* shortness of breath
* fatigue or anemia
* wheezing, hoarseness, or cough
* blood in the sputum (fluid) coughed up
In severe cases, the person may have many tumor masses. The individual may develop a pneumothorax, or collapse of the lung. The disease may metastasize, or spread, to other parts of the body.
Tumors that affect the abdominal cavity often do not cause symptoms until they are at a late stage. Symptoms include:
* abdominal pain
* ascites, or an abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen
* a mass in the abdomen
* problems with bowel function
* weight loss
In severe cases of the disease, the following signs and symptoms may be present:
* blood clots in the veins, which may cause thrombophlebitis
* disseminated intravascular coagulation, a disorder causing severe bleeding in many body organs
* jaundice, or yellowing of the eyes and skin
* low blood sugar level
* pleural effusion
* pulmonary emboli, or blood clots in the arteries of the lungs
* severe ascites
A mesothelioma does not usually spread to the bone, brain, or adrenal glands. Pleural tumors are usually found only on one side of the lungs.
Mesothelioma Common Questions
What is Mesothelioma? What is the difference between pleural mesothelioma and peritoneal mesothelioma?Malignant mesothelioma is a disease in which a cancerous tumor grows on the mesothelium - the sac lining the internal body cavities. The specific type of mesothelioma is named for the tissue where the cancer started. Pleural mesothelioma starts in the chest, in the pleura that surrounds the lungs (outer lining of the lungs and internal chest wall). It makes up about 70% of mesothelioma cases. Peritoneal mesothelioma starts in the lining of the abdominal cavity.
Although sometimes referred to as "asbestos lung cancer", mesothelioma is not the same as lung cancer. Lung cancers occur inside the lung itself; mesothelioma occurs in the lining of the lung. Mesothelioma is rare, striking fewer than 3000 Americans per year.
How do you get malignant mesothelioma?
Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure. Asbestos, once regarded as a miracle mineral, was popular due its lightweight but tough characteristics as well as for its heat-resistant properties. This naturally occurring mineral was used in many commercial and consumer products, from construction materials such as cement, roofing shingles and insulation, to consumer and industrial applications such as hair dryers, automobile brake pads and pipe insulation.
Most people with malignant mesothelioma worked on jobs where they breathed asbestos. Others were exposed to asbestos in a household environment, often without knowing it.
How much exposure does it take to get the disease? What is the latency period?
Very little exposure can result in mesothelioma. Sometimes people who worked with asbestos for as little as one or two months get mesothelioma. The "latency period" refers to the time between asbestos exposure and diagnosis of the disease. For mesothelioma, the latency period can be decades long, and people exposed in the 1940s, 50s, 60s, and 70s are now being diagnosed.
What are the symptoms of mesothelioma?
Our mesothelioma symptoms page goes into detail about the signs of this cancer. Please note that it is important to seek professional medical advice when trying to diagnose for mesothelioma. The major symptoms include:
•Shortness of breath caused by expanding pleural effusion
•Persistent dry cough
Other symptoms may include:
•Fatigue
•Night sweats
•Fever
•Pain under the rib cage
•Swelling or lumps in the abdomen
•Unexpected weight loss
How do doctors treat malignant mesothelioma?
Each patient has an individualized treatment plan which takes into account the type and stage of the cancer as well as the patient's overall health. Traditional mesothelioma treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of these. Contact us at 1-877-367-6376 if you want to talk about reviewing treatment options.
Is there any promising research or are there promising new drugs for mesothelioma?
Scientists and doctors are engaged in research at various cancer centers all over the United States. Researchers are constantly trying to develop new and more effective drugs as well as new treatment techniques. In the past few years, there have been several major advances in the management of mesothelioma, including more accurate staging, improvements in surgical techniques and postoperative care, new chemotherapy regimens, and new radiotherapy techniques such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Some of this research is being conducted through clinical trials, for which you may be eligible. Please call us if you need additional information on current trials.
What should I do if I think I've been exposed to asbestos but don't have mesothelioma?
You probably will not get this rare disease, but you should remain vigilant and get regular check-ups. Let your doctor know about your asbestos exposure.
I was exposed to asbestos when I was in the military. Could that be how I got mesothelioma?
The armed forces used asbestos extensively in the 20th Century, and because of the long latency period only now are many veterans getting mesothelioma. People were exposed in all branches of the service, in a variety of jobs. We have worked with veterans from all over the country. We can help you find VA resources and medical assistance. Our veterans section goes into more detail or feel free to call us at 1-877-367-6376.
Where can I find information on living with mesothelioma?
Mesothelioma Aid is a good website for resource for families dealing with mesothelioma. It includes advice and referrals to other resources for coping with cancer, caregiving, financial challenges, and support groups. Alternatively, contact us here at Mesothelioma Web for help finding resources for living with this disease
Practical solutions for an improved life for BPO workers
* Try to follow a regular sleep schedulePractical solutions for an improved life for BPO workers
* Make sleep your top priority. At least till your body gets adjusted, avoid doing things that will keep you alert and awake when you need to sleep.
* Get dark, solid curtains for your bedroom. Wear an eye mask to get total darkness. Even a bit of light can make your body react and tell you it's time to wake up!
* The temperature in your room has to be kept cool and soothing.
* See that you are not disturbed on any count. Family members need to be given proper instructions to this effect.
* Play relaxing music. Suddenly the market is flooded with soothing music meant especially for people who need some external inducement - so stock yourself with your fave music.
* It is better and will make you more productive if you can snatch at least a half hour shut eye before you leave for your job.
* Even before you start on your job, practise keeping awake at nights.
* Always wear dark glasses when you leave for home in the morning. This way, your body does not get alerted by the sunlight to keep awake during the day.
How to get proper nutrition
* Never miss breakfast. See to it that this is the first meal of the day whatever be the time.
* Did you know that the so-called 'energy' sports drinks are chock full of sugar and caffeine? Practical solutions for an improved life for BPO workersAvoid them as far as possible.
* Instead drink plenty of water - it will help you to flush out toxins.
* Limit your tea/coffee intake as far as possible.
* Consume nutritious snacks. Your daily diet must contain a lot of fibre.
* Foods like chips, candy, all deep fried foods, and whole milk products should be given the miss at night.
* As far as possible carry home made food - that way you can ensure you are getting nutritious food.
Exercise regimen
* Whatever time you wake up should be the best time for exercise. Your body gets a wake up alert with exercise because your body temperature gets raised.
* Avoid any form of exercise at least before two hours of your sleeping time. Sleeping will become difficult because of the raised body temperature and metabolic rate and you might end up trying to count sheep.
* Exercise till you perspire for at least three to four times a week. Each session should last for half an hour minimum.
* Most companies now provide recreation centres and gym facilities for employees. Check out on these and make the best use of them.
How to improve family life
* Have a frank talk with the family about the demands of a night shift. Make them understand your situation and the impact your job is having on you.
* Try to schedule time wit friends and family into your waking hours and off days.
* Try to make good friends in your work circle to make up for lost friendships due to the night shift.
* Hang up a big message board at home so that all the family members can exchange notes and inform each other about their plans for the day.
* Plan for family outings at least once a month.
How to tackle lack of alertness
* Always work in a brightly lit atmosphere
* Do not take up sensitive work that would involve important decisions when you are feeling sluggish
* Keep taking short walks either inside the work area or outside whenever you can do so
* Stretching exercises are very important. Keep stretching your limbs and changing your posture. Try to alternate between sitting, standing and walking whenever you find time. Snack on fruits and salads whenever you feel hungry. Avoid sweets that will give you a temporary high
* Try to take short power naps during break. This will rejuvenate you
* You could take a cup of tea or coffee - only when you really need to be shaken awake
* Try to vary your daily routine so that you don't get stuck in a rut.
As you can see, you don't have to get stressed out just because you are on a night shift. Tackle the problem sensibly and you will get on top of the situation in no time. Take good care of your health and you will be able to face any problem successfully.
Australian Federal Election.
Thank you-mesothelium.blogspot.com
Child Health
Child Health is very important thing that everybody should know. Do you how many health problems that children are supposed to face when they grow. As we know the victims of these diseases are those who are not taking care by their parents. So parents are real careless people. So this is for all parents. Pls note this list and get correct advices from Doctors and Nutrition specialists to take care of your Children growth.
Warts
Sepsis
Whipple's Disease
Tetanus
Common Cold
Rotavirus
Valley Fever
Typhus
Leprosy
Salmonella
Strep Throat
Typhoid Fever
Scarlet Fever
Ringworm
Rheumatic Fever
Whooping Cough
Yellow Fever
Rabies
Lassa Fever
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Diphtheria
German Measles Or Rubella
Q Fever
Smallpox
Polio
Elephantiasis
Cholera
Anthrax
Jaundice
Roseola
Chicken Pox
Although reported incidence rates have increased in the past 20 years, mesothelioma is still a relatively rare cancer. The incidence is approximately one per 1,000,000. For comparison, populations with high levels of smoking can have a lung cancer incidence of over 1,000 per 1,000,000. Incidence of malignant mesothelioma currently ranges from about 7 to 40 per 1,000,000 in industrialized Western nations, depending on the amount of asbestos exposure of the populations during the past several decades. It has been estimated that incidence may have peaked at 15 per 1,000,000 in the United States in 2004. Incidence is expected to continue increasing in other parts of the world. Mesothelioma occurs more often in men than in women and risk increases with age, but this disease can appear in either men or women at any age. Approximately one fifth to one third of all mesotheliomas are peritoneal.
Most people who develop mesothelioma have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles, or have been exposed to asbestos dust and fibre in other ways, such as by washing the clothes of a family member who worked with asbestos, or by home renovation using asbestos cement products. Unlike lung cancer, there is no association between mesothelioma and smoking.
SYMPTOMS
Usually, Symptoms of mesothelioma may not appear until 20 to 50 years after exposure to asbestos. The symptoms of pleural mesothelioma are shortness of breath, cough, and pain in the chest due to an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space.
Symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma include weight loss and cachexia, abdominal swelling and pain due to ascites (a buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity), bowel obstruction, blood clotting abnormalities, anemia, and fever. Symptoms may include pain, trouble swallowing, or swelling of the neck or face if the cancer has spread beyond the mesothelium to other parts of the body.
These symptoms may be caused by mesothelioma or by other, less serious conditions.
Mesothelioma that affects the pleura can cause these signs and symptoms:
- chest wall pain
- pleural effusion, or fluid surrounding the lung
- shortness of breath
- fatigue or anemia
- wheezing, hoarseness, or cough
- blood in the sputum (fluid) coughed up
In severe cases, the person may have many tumor masses. The individual may develop a pneumothorax, or collapse of the lung. The disease may metastasize, or spread, to other parts of the body.
Tumors that affect the abdominal cavity often do not cause symptoms until they are at a late stage. Symptoms include:
- abdominal pain
- ascites, or an abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen
- a mass in the abdomen
- problems with bowel function
- weight loss
In severe cases of the disease, the following signs and symptoms may be present:
- blood clots in the veins, which may cause thrombophlebitis
- disseminated intravascular coagulation, a disorder causing severe bleeding in many body organs
- jaundice, or yellowing of the eyes and skin
- low blood sugar level
- pleural effusion
- pulmonary emboli, or blood clots in the arteries of the lungs
- severe ascites
A mesothelioma does not usually spread to the bone, brain, or adrenal glands. Pleural tumors are usually found only on one side of the lungs.
DIAGNOSIS
To diagnose mesothelioma is difficult because the symptoms are similar to those of a number of other conditions. Diagnosis begins with a review of the patient's medical history. A history of exposure to asbestos may increase clinical suspicion for mesothelioma. A physical examination is performed, followed by chest X-ray and often lung function tests. The X-ray may reveal pleural thickening commonly seen after asbestos exposure and increases suspicion of mesothelioma. A CT (or CAT) scan or an MRI is usually performed. If a large amount of fluid is present, abnormal cells may be detected by cytology if this fluid is aspirated with a syringe. For pleural fluid this is done by a pleural tap or chest drain, in ascites with an paracentesis or ascitic drain and in a pericardial effusion with pericardiocentesis. While absence of malignant cells on cytology does not completely exclude mesothelioma, it makes it much more unlikely, especially if an alternative diagnosis can be made (e.g. tuberculosis, heart failure).
If cytology is positive or a plaque is regarded as suspicious, a biopsy is needed to confirm a diagnosis of mesothelioma. A doctor removes a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope by a pathologist. A biopsy may be done in different ways, depending on where the abnormal area is located. If the cancer is in the chest, the doctor may perform a thoracoscopy. In this procedure, the doctor makes a small cut through the chest wall and puts a thin, lighted tube called a thoracoscope into the chest between two ribs. Thoracoscopy allows the doctor to look inside the chest and obtain tissue samples.
If the cancer is in the abdomen, the doctor may perform a laparoscopy. To obtain tissue for examination, the doctor makes a small opening in the abdomen and inserts a special instrument into the abdominal cavity. If these procedures do not yield enough tissue, more extensive diagnostic surgery may be necessary.
Doctors have begun testing the Mesomark assay which measures levels of soluble mesothelin-related proteins (SMRPs) released by diseased mesothelioma cells. The procedure could diagnose mesothelioma earlier than conventional methods thus improving the survival prospects for patients.
| Positive | Negative |
| EMA (epithelial membrane antigen) in a membranous distribution | CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) |
| WT1 (Wilms' tumour 1) | B72.3 |
| Calretinin | MOC-3 1 |
| Mesothelin-1 | CD15 |
| Cytokeratin 5/6 | Ber-EP4 |
| HBME-1 (human mesothelial cell 1) | TTF-1 (thyroid transcription factor-1) |
SCREENING
There is no universally agreed protocol for screening people who have been exposed to asbestos. However some research indicates that theserum osteopontin level might be useful in screening asbestos-exposed people for mesothelioma. The level of soluble mesothelin-related protein is elevated in the serum of about 75% of patients at diagnosis and it has been suggested that it may be useful for screening.
STAGING
Mesothelioma is described as localized if the cancer is found only on the membrane surface where it originated. It is classified as advanced if it has spread beyond the original membrane surface to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, chest wall, or abdominal organs.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The mesothelium consists of a single layer of flattened to cuboidal cells forming the epithelial lining of the serous cavities of the body including the peritoneal, pericardial and pleural cavities. Deposition of asbestos fibres in the parenchyma of the lung may result in the penetration of the visceral pleura from where the fibre can then be carried to the pleural surface, thus leading to the development of malignant mesothelial plaques. The processes leading to the development of peritoneal mesothelioma remain unresolved, although it has been proposed that asbestos fibres from the lung are transported to the abdomen and associated organs via the lymphatic system. Additionally, asbestos fibres may be deposited in the gut after ingestion of sputum contaminated with asbestos fibres.
Pleural contamination with asbestos or other mineral fibres has been shown to cause cancer. Long thin asbestos fibers (blue asbestos,amphibole fibers) are more potent carcinogens than "feathery fibers" (chrysotile or white asbestos fibers).However, there is now evidence that smaller particles may be more dangerous than the larger fibersThey remain suspended in the air where they can be inhaled, and may penetrate more easily and deeper into the lungs. "We probably will find out a lot more about the health aspects of asbestos from [the World Trade Center attack], unfortunately," said Dr. Alan Fein, chief of pulmonary and critical-care medicine at North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System. Dr. Fein has treated several patients for "World Trade Center syndrome" or respiratory ailments from brief exposures of only a day or two near the collapsed buildings.
Mesothelioma development in rats has been demonstrated following intra-pleural inoculation of phosphorylated chrysotile fibres. It has been suggested that in humans, transport of fibres to the pleura is critical to the pathogenesis of mesothelioma. This is supported by the observed recruitment of significant numbers of macrophages and other cells of the immune system to localised lesions of accumulated asbestos fibres in the pleural and peritoneal cavities of rats. These lesions continued to attract and accumulate macrophages as the disease progressed, and cellular changes within the lesion culminated in a morphologically malignant tumour.
Experimental evidence suggests that asbestos acts as a complete carcinogen with the development of mesothelioma occurring in sequential stages of initiation and promotion. The molecular mechanisms underlying the malignant transformation of normal mesothelial cells by asbestos fibres remain unclear despite the demonstration of its oncogenic capabilities. However, complete in vitro transformation of normal human mesothelial cells to malignant phenotype following exposure to asbestos fibres has not yet been achieved. In general, asbestos fibres are thought to act through direct physical interactions with the cells of the mesothelium in conjunction with indirect effects following interaction with inflammatory cells such as macrophages.
Analysis of the interactions between asbestos fibres and DNA has shown that phagocytosed fibres are able to make contact withchromosomes, often adhering to the chromatin fibres or becoming entangled within the chromosome. This contact between the asbestos fibre and the chromosomes or structural proteins of the spindle apparatus can induce complex abnormalities. The most common abnormality is monosomy of chromosome 22. Other frequent abnormalities include structural rearrangement of 1p, 3p, 9p and 6q chromosome arms.
Common gene abnormalities in mesothelioma cell lines include deletion of the tumor suppressor genes:
- Neurofibromatosis type 2 at 22q12
- P16INK4A
- P14ARF
Asbestos has also been shown to mediate the entry of foreign DNA into target cells. Incorporation of this foreign DNA may lead to mutations and oncogenesis by several possible mechanisms:
- Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes
- Activation of oncogenes
- Activation of proto-oncogenes due to incorporation of foreign DNA containing a promoter region
- Activation of DNA repair enzymes, which may be prone to error
- Activation of telomerase
- Prevention of apoptosis
Asbestos fibres have been shown to alter the function and secretory properties of macrophages, ultimately creating conditions which favour the development of mesothelioma. Following asbestos phagocytosis, macrophages generate increased amounts of hydroxylradicals, which are normal by-products of cellular anaerobic metabolism. However, these free radicals are also known clastogenicand membrane-active agents thought to promote asbestos carcinogenicity. These oxidants can participate in the oncogenic process by directly and indirectly interacting with DNA, modifying membrane-associated cellular events, including oncogene activation and perturbation of cellular antioxidant defences.
Asbestos also may possess immunosuppressive properties. For example, chrysotile fibres have been shown to depress the in vitro proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes, suppress natural killer cell lysis and significantly reducelymphokine-activated killer cell viability and recovery. Furthermore, genetic alterations in asbestos-activated macrophages may result in the release of potent mesothelial cell mitogens such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) which in turn, may induce the chronic stimulation and proliferation of mesothelial cells after injury by asbestos fibres.
Common cold is mostly occurs in children because they are often in close contact with each other in daycare centers and schools. Common cold is also known as a viral upper respiratory tract infection. It is a contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses. On an average the following points has came out:
· Adolescents and adults got seven colds per year
· Adults got two to four colds per year
· Kids in kindergarten got 12 colds a year
· Preschool children have nine colds a year
· Women especially aged between 20 to 30 years, have more colds than men
· People older than 60 have less than one cold a year
Seasonal changes in relative humidity also may affect the prevalence of colds. The most common cold-causing viruses survive better when humidity is low-the colder months of the year.
Causes of Common ColdThere is also no evidence that your chances of getting a cold are related to factors such as exercise, diet, or enlarged tonsils or adenoids. It is also not proven that a person can get a cold from exposure to cold weather or from getting chilled or overheated.
· Common cold mostly spread by hand-to-hand contact. If a person with cold touches his/her nose and then touches some other person, then the virus transferred to other person.
· The virus of common cold can be available on some objects such as pens, books, and coffee cups for several hours and can be acquired from touching these objects.
· Coughing and sneezing spread the common cold very easily, infact this is very poor mechanisms for spreading a cold.
On the contrary, medical research have suggests that psychological stress and allergic diseases affecting your nose or throat may have an impact on getting infected by cold viruses.
Signs & Symptoms of Common ColdMany people with a cold feel tired and achy. These symptoms typically last from three to 10 days. Symptoms of a common cold include
· Cough
· Difficulty breathing through nose
· Headache
· Hoarseness
· Mucus buildup in nose
· Nasal stuffiness and drainage
· Sneezing
· Sore throat
· Swelling of sinuses
· High Fever (102 degrees Fahrenheit)
Cold symptoms can last from 3 to 10 days, but like most people recover in a week. Colds occasionally can lead to bacterial infections of middle ear or sinuses, requiring treatment with antibiotics.
Diagnosis of Common ColdThere is no specific test to diagnose common cold. The diagnosis is based on the symptoms reported and the physical examination made by your health care provider.
Preventions of Common ColdThere are several ways you can keep yourself from getting a cold or passing one on to others.
· Cold virus present on hands can easily enter through eyes and nose. So, keep your hands away from those areas of your body
· Avoid close contact with people who have colds
· Avoid being close to uninfected people, if you have cold
· Cover your nose or mouth while sneezing or coughing
· Wash your hand thoroughly with soap and water
· Cleaning environmental surfaces with a virus-killing disinfectant might help prevent spread of infection.
Treatments of Common ColdSometimes, an infection with bacteria can follow the cold virus. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. But antibiotics play no role in treating the common cold. Antibiotics only work against illnesses caused by bacteria and colds are caused by viruses.
There is no cure for the common cold, but you can get relief from your cold symptoms by
· Drinking plenty of fluids
· Gargling with warm salt water
· Getting proper bed rest
· Taking aspirin or acetaminophen-Tylenol
· Using petroleum jelly for a raw nose
· Inhaling steam may temporarily relieve symptoms of congestion
Vitamin C has been considered to reduce the duration of symptoms from a common cold. Medical research has not supported this. While there is news about treating the common cold with zinc, this is still not considered to be confirmed by adequate scientific research. Its benefits remain unproven.
Home remedies for Common ColdThe major home remedy that a person should have on the common cold is hand washing. Hand washing has clearly been shown to prevent the spread of common cold. This can be particularly effective in public places and is recommended before meals.
Several treatments that can ease the symptoms associated with a common cold also exist.
· Acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help with the muscle aches.
· Antihistamines may help reduce nasal drainage. Only those antihistamines that can also cause drowsiness seem to work.
· Cough can be controlled with cough syrups containing dextromethorphan.
· Drink lots of fluids
· Nasal sprays can help reduce symptoms. Nasal sprays should not be used for more than three days because then the nose can become dependent on them and a worse stuffy nose will result when they are discontinued.
· Stay in a moist environment
· Use throat lozenges for sore throat
When to seek Medical AdviceYour doctor won't be able to identify the specific virus causing cold symptoms, but can examine your child's throat and ears and take a throat culture to make sure the symptoms aren't from another condition that may need specific treatment.
· Swollen glands, severe sinus pain, cough that produces mucus may indicate a complication or more serious illness requiring a visit to your healthcare provider.
· If you have a sore throat with fever and no cold symptoms, you should be seen by your doctor because this type of sore throat is more likely to be a Strep throat or other serious illness.
· If you notice facial pain, tooth pain, or yellow drainage from your nose accompanied by a fever, it is possible that you have an infection of the nasal passages (sinusitis) or a dental infection that would benefit from a medical evaluation and a course of antibiotics.
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